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This is one of a series of excerpts from older articles put online by John Ray as a public service. The articles concerned are in general otherwise available only by special request to a University or other major library.

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Social Forces, 1983(Mar), Vol 61(3), 834-846.

Factorial invariance and self-esteem: Reassessing race and sex differences



Hoelter, J.W.

Either sound theoretical explanations or strong empirical support has been lacking in studies examining race and sex differences in self-esteem. Most theories fail to explain why Blacks generally score higher than Whites on self-esteem, and many studies have failed to find differences in self-esteem between males and females. These problems suggest an alternative explanation for reported differences in self-esteem: Scales purporting to measure this concept may be measuring something different within the groups being compared. This explanation was tested for the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale using a confirmatory factor model.

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