Religious Background Miscellaneous |
William A. Alcott, M.D., The Use of Tobacco: Its Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on The Human System (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1836), pp 16-17, Rev. George Trask, Letters on Tobacco (Fitchburg, Mass: Trask Pub, 1860), p 35, John Hinds, Ph.D., The Use of Tobacco (Nashville, Tenn: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882), pp 63-64, and Meta Lander, The Tobacco Problem, 6th ed. (Boston: Lee and Shepard Pub, 1882), p 308.
Germany in 2006 has the most pro-tobacco smoking regulations in Europe and one of the highest rates of tobacco use, with about one-third of adults being smokers, says the article "Germany may adopt stiffer smoking law" (Washington Times, 2 Dec 2006). Even its so-called 'progress' is essentially a farce:
(1) no meaningful controls on smoking in workplaces (2) no smoke-free restaurants, instead allowing smoking rooms, which do not restrict the smoke unless they (3) no ban in bars. To read pertinent research on smoking in Germany, see, e.g., http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/e1 (or http://repositories.cdlib.org/postprints/1143/). For a more detailed report, see http://repositories.cdlib.org/ctcre/tcpmi/Germany2006/. |
“The Gestapo and its informers pursued people who expressed their divergence from Nazi antisemitism with a zeal that has led the foremost expert on the Gestapo conclude that all such cases were reported and investigated. Yet in all of Lower Franconia, a region with 840,663 people (in 1939)—a region in which, as in all regions of Germany, Germans expressed an enormous amount of dissent on a wide range of Nazi policies, including on the treatment of foreigners—during twelve years of Nazi rule, only fifty-two such cases, four per year, came to the attention of the Gestapo! In the still much larger jurisdiction of Munich between 1935 and 1944, only seventy people were tried for remarks critical of the eliminationist project. The number of [such] remarks was so small as to have been 'almost insignificant',” says Prof. Daniel J. Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), pp 429-430, referencing Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 205-206, 58.
At p 591, Prof. Goldhagen notes concerning the above-cited critical remarks: “Even among this paltry number of critical remarks, some [German dissenters] did not contest the prevalent conception of Jews or the justice of the eliminationist program, but instead questioned the wisdom of the measures given the speakers' expectations that the Jews would take revenge on Germany (see [Gellately] pp. 208-209).” And: “Almost half of the Munich cases were dropped, so flimsy must they have been (p. 206).” From p. 121: "Anxiety over the revenge that Germans, in their antisemitic stupor, fanstasized that the Jews would exact upon them [Germans] for the persecution also made some [Germans] ambivalent about their country's eliminationist assault on the Jews. This was expressedly repeatedly during the 1930s and then after the war began, especially with regard to the [Allied] bombing of Germany. So in November 1943, the president of the State Supreme Court in Braunschweig reported that there were many people who blamed the Nazi Party for the terror bombing, which it had caused by its treatment of the Jews. The fear of reprisals from the all-powerful Jews, even in the 1930s, and the destruction of Germany that Germans believed the Jews to be causing with the war, were of sufficient magnitude to prompt even dedicated antisemites to reconsider the wisdom of the national assualt on the Jews. Their attribution of responsibility for the leveling of German cities to the objectively impotent Jews is, by itself, proof positive of their adherence to a Nazified view of Jews." |
“The reader will have to get used to the German habit of blaming other countries for getting themselves invaded by Germans. . . . [Germans] apparently lost the power to think in other [more rational] terms.”—Herman Wouk, The Winds of War (Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1971), p 111.
Observe that that German attitude “starts . . . exactly as Adolf Hitler started all his speeches, by denouncing the Versailles Treaty as an injustice imposed on 103an honorable and trusting Germany by the cruel Allies. He [the German] does not mention the historical catch to that. German writers seldom do. In 1917 Lenin [with German help] overthrew the Kerensky government and [then himself under German attack] sued for a separate peace on the eastern front. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, dictated by the Germans [to prostrate Russia] over a year before the Treaty of Versailles, deprived Russia of a territory much larger than France and England combined, of almost sixty million inhabitants, and of almost all her heavy industry. It [the German-dictated treaty] was far harsher than the Versaillies Treaty. “I used to bring up this little fact . . . whenever Versailles was mentioned. My German friends were invariably puzzled by the comparison. They thought it [that context, their own savage harsh treaty-writing behavior against a defeated nation] made no sense at all. The treaty of Versailles had happened to them; Brest-Litovsk had happened to the other fellow. In this reaction they were sincere. I cannot explain this national quirk of the Germans but it should never be forgotten . . . .,” pp 102-103. |
Note the coalition bringing Hitler to power: farmers, non-unionized lower middle class, poverty-stigmatizing middle class, misguided idealists, and 'religious' types, Protestant and Catholic. Source: John Toland, Adolf Hitler (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co, 1976), Vol I, pp 253 and 255.
Less than a century later: "Neoconservatives have turned the Republican Party into a Brownshirt Party," says Paul Craig Roberts, Ph.D., "The Party of Brownshirts" (16 April 2007). |
Hitler called German's "Manifest Destiny" Lebensraum. As a matter of perspective, recall from your grade school classes that America's lebensraum policy, "Manifest Destiny," had violently expanded the US from a sliver of 13 colonies along the Atlantic, to continent-wide! over the dead bodies of, e.g., Indians, blacks, and Mexicans.
Note that "it was America that amassed a history of xenophopbia and genocide that impressed even Adolf Hitler. [With Columbus' 1492 arrival] 150 years later nearly 90% of those Native Americans were gone, mostly due to diseases brought by the white invaders. After 1630, white Americans resorted to more aggressive genocide. Aside from the dozens of major anti-Indian wars sponsored by the U.S. government [remember General Sheridan's 'The only good Indian I ever saw was dead'?], American citizens in general . . . often went out of their way to slaughter Indians. Innocent Indians. Indian women and children asleep at night in their tipis. Even Indians under flags of truce. . . . 'poisoned meat and drink, smallpox-infected blankets, booby-trapped bodies, cannon charged with slugs, dogs unleashed on captives, and the execution of the wounded, women and children. . . . Indian women with children were dispatched with no more compunction than stray dogs. . . . Some white men . . . wrote a disgusted . . . missionary . . . "kill Indians just to try their pistols."'"— Prof. Michael P. Ghiglieri, Ph.D., The Dark Side of Man (Reading, MA.: Perseus Books, 1999), p 213. "The U.S. Cavalry in the late nineteenth century was primarily a government instrument of genocide. As directed by Washington, D.C., it nearly extirpated all Plains Indians . . . By 1864, for example, General Philip Sheridan voiced U.S. policy this way: 'The only good Indian I ever saw was dead.' This was reworded to become the maxim of the U.S. Army: "The only good Indian is a dead Indian.' A more concise formula for genocide would be hard to find," p 162. No wonder Adolf Hitler was "impressed." |
Poisoning has a long record of being used against one's enemies. For example, in 1623, British negotiators of a treaty with Indians near the Potomac River, under Chief Chiskiack, offered a toast "symbolizing eternal friendship." The British poisoned the Indians' food. The Indians (chief, family, advisers, and two hundred in the retinue), then died immediately of poisoning!—J. Leitch Wright, Jr., The Only Land They Knew (New York: Free Press, 1981), p 78.
Poisoning by the Spanish conquistadores is reported to have killed tens of millions of Indians in the 1500's, via smallpox, "anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, trichinosis, and tuberculosis."—Charles C. Mann, "1491," 289 Atlantic Monthly (#3) 41-53, at 46 (March 2002). |
tobacco's violent and behavior-altering effects on animals, p 129, tobacco's mind-altering, behavior-impairing effects on people, pp 345-372, tobacco-produced delirium, p 202 (concept cited by Dr. Lawrence C. Kolb, 1968), and examples of this effect, pp 326-344, including massacres in 1572 and 1871—ominous signs of things to come, if tobacco useage continued unabated.
"Cabaret" is reviewed by, e.g., Peter Kemp and Wikipedia. |
"Partem aliquam recte intelligere nemo potest, antequam totum, iterum atque iterum, periegerit." No one can rightly understand any part until he has read the whole again and again. Meaning: Re-read these sites, and the references, and this one, "again and again" until you understand them in full. Do like Eric A. Johnson. Take a decade, 10 years, to do this reading, studying, full-time. |
Doctors have thoroughly researched the subject, ascertaining why cigarettes lead to crime, and found the explanation in the 1830's era. The explanation relates to cigarettes' massive quantities of toxic chemicals leading to brain damage impairing ethical and impulse controls. Doctors have been reporting for over a century that cigarettes' toxic chemicals cause brain damage.
Commentary |
"Over 37 million people (one of every six Americans alive today) will die from cigarette smoking years before they otherwise would." |
A few years earlier, the Royal College of Physicians of London, in its book, Smoking and Health Now (London: Pitman Medical and Scientific Publishing Co, 1971), p 9, had already declared the smoking-caused death toll to be a "holocaust" due to the then "annual death toll of some 27,500." If 27,500 deaths is a "holocaust," and it is, 37 million is (in contrast to Hitler's six million holocaust), a six fold+ holocaust. That is above the World War II "crimes against humanity" level for which prosecutions occurred.
The reason that cigarettes kill is that they contain and emit large quantities of toxic chemical emissions including carbon monoxide. Cigarettes are inherently dangerous. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress: a Report of the Surgeon General, Publication CDC 89-8411, Table 7, pp 86-87 (1989), lists examples of deleterious ingredients including but not limited to:
acetaldehyde (1.4+ mg) | arsenic (500+ ng) | benzo(a)pyrene (.1+ ng) |
cadmium (1,300+ ng) | crotonaldehyde (.2+ µg) | chromium (1,000+ ng) |
ethylcarbamate 310+ ng) | formaldehyde (1.6+ µg) | hydrazine (14+ ng) |
lead (8+ µg) | nickel (2,000+ ng) | radioactive polonium (.2+ Pci) |
Due to cigarettes' inherently deleterious nature and ingredients, they, when lit, emit deleterious emissions. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW), Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, PHS Pub 1103, Table 4, p 60 (1964), lists examples of cigarettes' deleterious emissions compared to the chemicals' "speed limits" (aka "threshold limit values," TLV's, set in the toxic chemical regulation 29 CFR § 1910.1000, available at your local library). Notice the limits:
acetaldehyde | 3,200 ppm | 200.0 ppm |
acrolein | 150 ppm | 0.5 ppm |
ammonia | 300 ppm | 150.0 ppm |
carbon monoxide | 42,000 ppm | 100.0 ppm |
formaldehyde | 30 ppm | 5.0 ppm |
hydrogen cyanide | 1,600 ppm | 10.0 ppm |
hydrogen sulfide | 40 ppm | 20.0 ppm |
methyl chloride | 1,200 ppm | 100.0 ppm |
nitrogen dioxide | 250 ppm | 5.0 ppm |
Due to cigarettes' toxic chemicals far exceeding the "Threshold Limit Values," deaths are "natural and probable consequences." Pursuant to standard lawbook definitions, nonsmokers' involuntary foreseeable deaths constitute murder. The high number of deaths is a "holocaust" according to the Royal Society of Physicians' 1971 criteria, and is part of the total genocide problem.
Hitler's father died of a typical smoker lung condition (lung hemmorhage). The cigarette-lung cancer link was known in that era. Was his mother also a smoker? "Maternal prenatal smoking predicts persistent criminal outcome in male offspring." See Brennan, et al., 56 Arch Gen Psychiatry 215-219 (March 1999). (This significant fact—doctors once again pointing out a facet of the cigarettes-crime link—received scant media attention.) But from a medical point of view, this should not be overlooked. See also our site on smoking and birth defects including an increased criminal propensity.
1572 experience when nicotiné Queen Catherine signalled the St. Bartholmew's Day Massacre, pp 41-42; and 1871 experience when smokers, after the invasion and conquest of France by German smoker Emperor Wilhelm I, had taken over the French government, pp 334-335.
World Health Organization, "Wide research needed to solve the problems of mental illness," World Mental Health, Vol 12, pages 138-141 (WHO Press Release, October 1960) ("people with psychopathic make-up often become leaders" / "les postes de commandement sont souvent assumés par des personnes à tendances psychopathiques") Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, 5th ed (Scott, Foresman & Co, 1976), p 10, by James C. Coleman, Ph.D. (summarizes pertinent 1960 data thus: "individuals with psychopathic personality makeup, who tend to exploit power for selfish purposes and have little concern for ethical values or social progress, often become leaders"); and "Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition," by John T. Jost, Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, Frank J. Sulloway, 129 Psychological Bulletin (#2) 339-375 (July 2003) (cites symptoms of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Ronald Reagan, and Rush Limbaugh).
Page vii expresses concern about "the residual central nervous system and behavioral effects following drug discontinuation . . . the extent to which long-term drug use specifically impairs cognition, e.g., the ability to think and reason . . . . The ramification of residual drug effects extends beyond the individual to include the family, various legal and educational institutions, and even newborn infants."
P. 1 references "a behavioral, cognitive impairment in the initiation and flexibility of thinking and reasoning, a loss in memory function, or both. . . . These longer lasting, persistent impairments in behavior extending beyond any detoxification period have been termed 'residual effects.'" P. 3 references "a pattern of behavioral impairments suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) damage . . . a pattern of generalized cognitive impairments in the areas of concept formation, perceptual-motor performance, and complex learning. . . . a diffuse pattern of cortical impairment . . . frontal-limbic circuits . . . residual memory deficit . . . diencephalic subcortical pathology . . . hasten a form of organic brain disorder such as dementia." P. 73 cites examples, e.g., "paranoia with auditory or visual hallucinations [as among the] well-known adverse effects." |
"oblivious to every impulse—compassion, remorse, respect for the sanctity of life"; "maddening, almost unbelievable, moral obtuseness"; "he truly did not understand that he had done wrong."—Peter Z. Malkin and Harry Stein, Eichmann In My Hands: A Compelling First-Person Account By The Israeli Agent Who Captured Hitler's Chief Executioner (New York: Warner Books, 1990), pp. xiv, 3, 5, respectively. |
A smoker is unable “to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct,” nor “to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law [such as anti-murder law].” Reference People v Matulonis, 115 Mich App 263; 320 NW2d 238 (1982) (a case on physical deterioration of the brain due to typical smoker traits caused by brain damage, in context of determining if the person is insane within the meaning of the law (for criminal responsibility purposes). |
Another myth to refute, is the myth that Hitler, almost by magic, ceased his functioning. How? By suicide!
The myth of Hitler's suicide is an example of magical thinking. The Allies wanted him out, so he magically committed suicide. How convenient! No, the real truth is more mundane. There was never medical evidence verifying the suicide myth! only self-serving contradictory allegations! See Hugh Thomas, The Murder of Adolf Hitler (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995). In fact, claims of Hitler's "suicide" are so absurd, as to not warrant being responded to respectfully. "I treat the subject lightly because to a [trained analyst] it [the suicide claim] is so totally ridiculous as hardly to warrant being taken seriously. To treat such testimonies [claims] with anything else than the ridicule they deserve does not serve, and indeed has not served, historical truth. . . . The whole story . . . is totally farcical."—Thomas, p 112. The "farcical" claims were that Hitler poisoned himself, or shot himself, disregarding autopsy evidence of no bullet wound, no poison, in the body! The claims had been pure inventions, fabrications, unverified, contrary to the actual objective evidence! Of course, pathologist Dr. Thomas found them "farcical." The fabrications were made up as the "witnesses" went along, even changing their own stories! Incredible! |
(Ed. Note: For several reviews of Dr. Thomas' book, click here. For another, click here. For a summary of the various farcical notions, click here.) |
Tragically, due to the malicious, murderous, "tobacco taboo"
(censorship of tobacco-caused news such as of smoker mental disorder symptoms, e.g., abulia), neither Malkin, Stein, Arendt, Johnson, nor Goldhagen recognize that what they are citing is smoker symptoms. Try as they did, they simply lacked the basic educational skills to recognize, to understand, the symptoms that they were observing.
Education had been horribly "dumbed down" since the high level of the 1890's. Back a century ago, grade school children were taught more about tobacco brain effects than now even Ph.D.s typically know! These authors, attempting to understand smoker Hitler and Germany, lacked the subject-matter knowledge to be able to do so on this point. This site, relying on their otherwise excellent data, helps you, the reader, to understand more deeply. |
In no nation is there a law 'requiring' evil, slavery, murder, tobacco planting, raising, manufacture, distribution, selling. However, there are sometimes 'enabling acts,' laws or court settlements pre-empting local authorities from enforcing the right to life.
Nazis passed an enabling act, 'authorizing' genocide, but they overlooked the 1923 Treaty. For such legislators to overlook a higher law, did lead to their being executed. Reichstag President Hermann Goering was sentenced to be hanged, for having done an overt act, the signing (in his capacity as presiding officer of the legislature, the Reichstag) of the 1933 'enabling act.' Similarly, tobacco lobbyists oft obtain from compliant legislators, an 'enabling act' or 'pre-emption' law forbidding local authorities (or employers) to protect people, just as the Nazis had done. Such enablings/pre-emptions delegate to anyone (typically tobacco pushers and smokers) to be 'executioner' without due process of law, and so of course are unconstitutional as per pure-air-site references. Those law signers too, congressmen, legislators like Goering, as the Nurnberg precedent shows, can subsequently be prosecuted, and ordered hanged for their criminal words. U.S. Supreme Court cases against unconstitutional delegations of authority include
See (in criminal law context) also the The Nurnberg Trial, 6 FRD 69 (1946), specifically, the Goering and Kaltenbrunner precedents for convicting and punishing legislators and accessories for crimes committed in their legislative/accessory capacity. Note also In slavery context, Stephen S. Foster had cited guilt of legislators for passing an enabling act, Brotherhood of Thieves (1843), pp 21-22. Re TTS, enabling what is medically recognized as a "holocaust" is clearly well within the prosecution and conviction range, for the 'universal malice' crime of having voted for, passed, signed, the 'enabling act' - 'pre-emption law' that will foreseeably lead to deaths as 'natural and probable consequences,' thus 'intentional.' |
FOR MORE INFORMATION
SEE TCPG'S DETAILED WEBSITES
The Cigarette - Crime Link Website
The Cigarette - Suicide Link Website |
Cigarettes and Cancer: 1925
Cigarettes and Lung Cancer: 1900 - 1999 |
Those who are educated on the subject of mental disorder, even now, can 'diagnose' Hitler as mentally ill, by watching old newsreels of the man and his body language. For example, his body movement, specifically, hand gestures are typical of mental disorder—too high up, approaching his own face. Normal gestures are lower.
Remember, Hitler was a smoker, expelled from school at age 8 for smoking. His behavior shows typical effects of smoking, abulia—loss of willpower and self-control; delusional reasoning; murderous; pornography lover; perverted; suicidal; all in all, severe brain disease.
Please read the World War II Secret U.S. Report on Hitler, by Dr. William Langer. It is thorough, and lists a number of symptoms, along with historical context, that can help people understand what goes on in the mind of a smoker who gets power. (Ed. Note: For Dr. Stuart Stein's 1998 background paper on Dr. Langer's book, click here.)
Another fact to note is that in that era, it was known that "syphilitics are forbidden to smoke" because "'the localization of the toxic action of nicotine is much like that of syphilis'," that is, upon the nerves and blood-vessels," John Harvey Kellogg, M.D., LL.D., F.A.C.S., Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co, 1922 and 1923), p 41 and p 77, respectively. One could add that due to the similar brain damage effects of both tobacco and syphilis, this is obvious advice. Hitler had syphilis. (As a smoker, his ethical and impulse controls became impaired, thus his behavior became more deviant, including sexually, leading to that effect, among others). Hitler is yet another example of “how disease . . . has frequently changed the course of civilization.” See the concept cited by Frederick F. Cartwright (medical historian) and Michael D. Biddiss (history professor, Cambridge), Disease and History (New York: Dorset Press, 1972). And in turn, see also Howard N. Simpson, Invisible Armies: The Impact of Disease on American History (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1980).
The data rebuts those who allege that Hitler was "anti-tobacco." Yes, in the same way a Jesse Helms would be!! Helms had surgery for tobaco-induced heart disease, a quadruple bypass. But he is still pro-tobacco for everybody else! For us, his attitude is, 'Die, sucka!!' He is solely interested in protecting his own health, yours—is to spit on!
Remember, in 1885, just before Hitler was born, it was known that Germany was "the very land of smokers!" as stated in the book by Meta Lander, The Tobacco Problem, 6th ed., supra, p 308. People of that era wouldn't be suckered by a scam claim of him being 'anti-smoking'!
Smoking in fact increased in Germany after Hitler became Chancellor!! during half his term, the first six years (1933-1939, before the War (1939-1945). The tobacco lobby emphasized that it was an early and ardent supporter of his. Under Hitler, "the Nazis continued to supply tobacco to their troops."—David Spitz, "History," Time Magazine, 3 May 1999, p 16. Hitler thus cannot be called "anti-tobacco."
But pretending it for the sake of discussion, arguendo, let's suppose it! If Hitler was "anti-tobacco," it would only be because his own doctor told him it was hurting him personally (like Jesse Helms). Hitler was lazy, he didn't study, so he wouldn't have known a thing about it more than any half-educated layman! (American children knew more on the subject, with large numbers having been given a copy of Edison's 1914 letter.) So any "concern" by him while in office, would not be anything meaningful except—staff suggested it. Like the president, governors, or other officials, if there was something issued, he simply signed whatever the staff handed him. (Hitler signed over 10,000 offical documents during the short time he was in office. Obviously, he did not write them all! That's what staff does.)
German doctors were of course well aware of tobacco diseases, they were already then long known. (Oops, there goes another deliberate lying myth, the one that German doctors under Hitler discovered the cigarette-cancer link!! No they didn't, the cigarette-cancer link was known long before!!). So once something was on paper announced as health policy, minimal as it was compared to Tennessee's and Michigan's laws, it could be carried out, even with Hitler's approval being merely pro forma, merely signing something somebody else wrote. He was lazy and sickly, deteriorating while in office, and only worked a partial day while in office.
When people say "Hitler was anti-tobacco," the correct answer is to laugh and say, "So's Jesse Helms, ha ha! The joke's on you, sucka!"
The average person has no background in pertinent religious history and doctrine, thus
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1. Note the behind-the-scenes information on activism reported in the book, Hitler and the Vatican: Inside The Secret Archives That Reveal the New Story of the Nazis and the Church by Prof. Peter Godman (Free Press, 2004) [Review]. 2. Bear in mind that, prior to Hitler, the tobacco-crime link had long been known; and that dealing with causes is more sincere, than the hand-wringers who whine about effects (or inadequacy of dealing with them). The actual fact is this, churches HAD TRIED to prevent the Hitler Holocaust, by trying to prevent the tobacco Holocaust (of which the Hitler Holocaust is only one fraction). Nineteenth century prevention-oriented clergymen had cited that cigarette selling is a sin. Such people possessed a mental attitude that is now rare, respect for medical findings.
Abortion | Addiction | AIDS |
Alcoholism | Alzheimer's | |
Brain Damage | Breast Cancer | Bronchitis (Chronic) |
Crime | Deforestation | Divorce |
Drugs | Emphysema | Fires |
Hearing Loss | Heart Disease | Lung Cancer |
Macular Degeneration | Mental Disorder | Seat Belt Disuse |
SIDS | Suicide | Total List |
How would you have handled the trials and tribulations of post World War One Germany? Try this interactive simulation by Russel Tarr of ActiveHistory.co.uk and find out, learning about the subject on the way (complete with worksheet). |
Read our tobacco news censorship site. Then see how others, Nazis and East Germans, propagandized; contrast their tactics with those of tobacco pushers! |
Hitler Inquiry Site |
Please visit our tobacco effects page.
Copyright © 1999 Leroy J. Pletten